Síndrome de Sjögren y endodoncia, consideraciones a propósito de un caso

El síndrome de Sjögren (SS) es una enfermedad autoinmune que afecta a las glándulas salivales y lagrimales. Se expone el caso clínico de una paciente de 67 años de género femenino que consulta por dolor en múltiples dientes; relata sensación de boca seca (xerostomía) y sequedad ocular (xeroftalmia). Al examen intraoral, se observan múltiples caries en superficies atípicas, mucosas secas, saliva espumosa y notoria depapilación lingual. Se sospecha de SS, derivando a medicina interna y confirmándose el diagnóstico. En paralelo, se inicia el tratamiento odontológico, realizando adaptaciones en los procedimientos para aliviar la sintomatología del SS, especialmente durante tratamientos endodónticos.

Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. The clinical case of a 67-year-old female patient who consulted for pain in multiple teeth is exposed. Additionally, she reports a sensation of dry mouth (xerostomia) and dry eyes (xerophthalmia). During the intraoral examination, the following findings are noticed: multiple cavities on atypical surfaces, dry mucous membranes, foamy saliva, and atrophic glossitis. SS is suspected, referring to internal medicine and confirming the diagnosis. In parallel, dental treatment is initiated, making adaptations in the procedures to alleviate the symptoms of SS, especially during endodontic treatments.

Reflexiones sobre el impacto de la pandemia de la Covid-19 en el ejercicio médico y sus consideraciones bioéticas y legales / Reflections on the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on medical practice and its bioethical and legal considerations

El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de reflexionar, desde una plataforma bioética y legal, sobre las consideraciones que el médico en ejercicio debe tener presente ante el impacto de una emergencia sanitaria, como la pandemia de la covid-19, que le permitan responder con rapidez pero brindando una atención médica con previsión y calidad científica, capaz de contener la transmisibilidad del virus SARS-CoV-2 y así evitar que la capacidad hospitalaria sea rebasada, pero sobre todo para abordar adecuadamente los múltiples dilemas bioéticos que surjan y velar en todo momento por la dignidad, la integridad y la autonomía de las personas, con respeto a sus derechos humanos y en cumplimiento con la normativa vigente nacional e internacional. Estas consideraciones bioéticas y legales, si bien pueden no ser las únicas, son resultado del análisis discursivo, conceptual y crítico realizado, tres de los métodos empleados para el desarrollo de este trabajo.

The present work aims to reflect, from a bioethical and legal platform, on the considerations that the practicing physician must bear in mind in the face of the impact of a health emergency, which has been the case with the COVID-19 pandemic as of today. These must allow them to respond quickly, but they must also be able to provide medical care with foresight and scientific quality capable of containing the transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and thus avoiding that hospital capacity is exceeded. Above all, the practicing physician must adequately address the multiple bioethical dilemmas that arise, and they must, always, ensure the dignity, integrity and autonomy of people, with respect for their human rights and, as well as comply with current international and national. regulations. These bioethical and legal considerations, although they may not be the only ones of their kind, are the result of the discursive, conceptual and critical analysis carried out, three of the methods used for the development of this paper.

Consideraciones para la atención de tratamientos endodóncicos en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19 / Considerations for the care of endodontic treatments in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

La enfermedad COVID-19 fue declarada pandemia por la Organización Mundial de la Salud el 11 de marzo de 2020. El síndrome respiratorio agudo severo coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) es un virus transmitido de animales a seres humanos, altamente contagioso, cuyo periodo de incubación es de uno a 14 días. Los momentos por los que atraviesan la mayoría de los países debido a la pandemia declarada del COVID-19 han llevado a la proclamación de órdenes gubernamentales y/o recomendaciones en relación a la atención dental que debe dispensarse. En el momento actual, no se dispone de protocolos específicos oficiales, ni nacionales ni internacionales, que aborden de manera clara cómo debe proceder el odontólogo en su práctica diaria en la etapa posterior al confinamiento para trabajar con las mejores garantías de protección para los pacientes y el equipo humano de la consulta odontológica. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar consideraciones para la atención de tratamientos endodóncicos en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Para lograr este objetivo se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en diferentes bases de datos, como: Google Scholar, Springer Link, Scopus, PubMed, para ello se emplearon estrategias de búsqueda, utilizando descriptores como: «endodontic¼, «recomendations¼, «odontology¼, «COVID-19¼, «pandemic¼ y operadores booleanos, con la finalidad de obtener información relevante y precisa. Contribuyendo a la práctica de la endodoncia con un protocolo general para el manejo de emergencias que muestre el fundamento del diagnóstico, los procedimientos clínicos y el uso de equipos de protección personal y barreras en el consultorio odontológico durante el brote de COVID-19 (AU)

The COVID-19 disease was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a virus transmitted from animals to humans, highly contagious, whose incubation period is one to 14 days. The times that most countries are going through due to the declared COVID-19 pandemic have led to the proclamation of government orders and/or recommendations regarding the dental care that should be provided. At the present time, there are no specific official national or international protocols that clearly address how the dentist should proceed, in their daily practice, in the post-confinement stage, to work with the best guarantees of protection for the patients and the human team of the dental practice. The objective of this study was to analyze considerations for the care of endodontic treatments in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve this objective, a bibliographic review was carried out in different databases, such as: Google Scholar, Springer Link, Scopus, PubMed, for this, search strategies were used, using descriptors such as: «endodontic¼, «recommendations¼, «odontology¼, «COVID-19¼, «pandemic¼ and Boolean operators, in order to obtain relevant and accurate information. Contributing to the practice of endodontics a general protocol for emergency management that shows the rationale for diagnosis, clinical procedures and the use of personal protective equipment and barriers in the dental office during the COVID-19 outbreak (AU)

Consideraciones hipotéticas sobre el comportamiento viral del SARS-Cov-2 (covid-19): enfermedad multisistémica / Hypothetical considerations on the viral behavior of SARS-Cov-2 (covid-19): multisystemic disease

El virus provoca una reacción vascular inflamatoria en el endotelio arterial de varios órganos, entre ellos el pulmón (afectando el intercambio de gases en la membrana alveolo-capilar), de ahí la insuficiencia respiratoria, pero también afecta a otros órganos. Cuando una persona adquiere el nuevo coronavirus, este entra a los pulmones e infecta directamente a los alvéolos, que absorben el aire que respiramos. En casos graves, esos sacos de aire se llenan de líquido, restándole espacio para el oxígeno. Esto es lo que se conoce como neumonía por covid-19. Los alvéolos se infectan y activan el sistema inmunitario, lo que puede conducir a una tormenta de citoquinas. El SARS-Cov-2 también causa coágulos de sangre, lo que ha provocado que personas de entre 30 y 40 años mueran por accidentes cerebrovasculares. La enfermedad inflama los vasos sanguíneos y eventualmente puede dañar las arterias coronarias que llevan sangre al corazón. Entonces, cabe preguntarse: ¿no será que, además de afectar la membrana alvéolo-capilar en el pulmón, e interferir en el intercambio de oxígeno, afecta el endotelio arterial y provoca una microangiopatía diseminada con coagulopatía? Ojalá se encuentre pronto la respuesta. Miles de los mejores científicos del mundo están trabajando para intentar comprender el nuevo coronavirus; han descifrado su código genético y producido decenas de artículos que proponen posibles tratamientos y vacunas. Recomiendo un interesante artículo publicado por los Dres. Alfonso Papa y Giustino Varrassi, que creo que coincide con mi opinión sobre la afectación vascular en el SARS-Cov-2 (covid-19),1 disponible en: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341553008. (AU)

The virus causes an inflammatory vascular reaction in the arterial endothelium of various organs, including the lung (affecting gas exchange in the alveolar-capillary membrane), hence the respiratory failure, but it also affects other organs. When a person acquires the new coronavirus, it enters to the lungs and directly infects the alveoli, which absorb the air we breathe. In severe cases, these air sacs fill with fluid, taking up space for oxygen. It is known as covid-19 pneumonia. The alveoli become infected and activate the immune system and can lead to a cytokine storm. SARS-Cov-2 also causes blood clots, which has caused people in their 30s to 40s to die from strokes. The disease inflames the blood vessels and can eventually damage the coronary arteries that carry blood to the heart. So, it is worth asking: Is it not that, in addition to affecting the alveolar-capillary membrane in the lung, and interfering with oxygen exchange, it affects the arterial endothelium and causes disseminated micro-angiopathy with coagulopathy? Hopefully the answers will be found soon. Thousands of the world's best scientists are working to try to understand the new coronavirus. They cracked their genetic code and have produced dozens of articles suggesting possible treatments and vaccines. I add an interesting article published by Drs. Alfonso Papa and Giustino Varrassi. I think it matches my opinion about vascular involvement in SARS-Cov-2 (covid-19),1 available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341553008. (AU)

Anestesia locorregional en una paciente adulta con síndrome de Prader-Willi: consideraciones anestésicas / Anesthetic consideration: Regional anesthesia with Prader-Willi

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a disorder caused by a genetic alteration that causes a multisystem clinic. It can be due mainly to three genetic mechanisms; a paternal deletion of the 15q11-13 region, a maternal uniparental disomy, or an imprinting defect. The paternal deletion is observed in 70% of the patients, the disomy in 25% and the imprinting defect in only 5% of those affected by this syndrome. 1) It is the most common syndromic cause of obesity with an estimated prevalence in the population of 1: 50,000; 2) The clinic is very variable, which is why clinical criteria have been created that, supported by the genetic study, confirm the diagnosis; 3) They have difficulty feeding during lactation, which leads to hyperphagia in childhood that leads to obesity. In the adult stage, in addition to obesity, respiratory pathology, sleep disturbances and psychological disorders stand out; 4) Objective: the aim of the present review was to compile the cases recorded in the scientific literature of patients anesthetized with PWS and the anesthetic options used in said patients.

El síndrome de Prader-Willi (SPW) es un trastorno causado por una alteración genética que provoca una clínica multisistémica. Puede ser debido principalmente a tres mecanismos genéticos; una deleción paterna de la región 15q11-13, una disomía uniparental materna o un defecto de impronta. La deleción paterna se observa en el 70% de los pacientes, la disomía en el 25% y el defecto de impronta en tan solo el 5% de los afectados por este síndrome. 1) Constituye la causa sindrómica más frecuente de obesidad con una prevalencia estimada en la población de 1:50.000; 2) La clínica es muy variable por lo que se han creado unos criterios clínicos que apoyados por el estudio genético confirman el diagnóstico; 3) Presentan dificultad para la alimentación durante la lactancia, que da paso a una hiperfagia en la infancia que deriva en obesidad. En la etapa adulta, además de la obesidad destacan la patología respiratoria, alteraciones del sueño y trastornos psicológicos; 4) Objetivo: el objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar los casos registrados en la literatura científica de pacientes anestesiados con SPW y las opciones anestésicas utilizadas en dichos pacientes.

Consideraciones perioperatorias en el paciente obeso / Perioperative considerations in the obese patient

La obesidad es una condición de acumulación excesiva de grasa corporal a un nivel que resulta dañino para la salud. La prevalencia de obesidad está aumentando en todo el mundo a un ritmo alarmante, por lo tanto, es fundamental conocer el manejo perioperatorio y consideraciones específicas en esta población. La mayoría de los pacientes obesos que se someten a procedimientos quirúrgicos tienen pocas patologías agregadas, por lo que su riesgo perioperatorio es similar a pacientes normopesos. El Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Stratification Score OS-MRS es una escala validada para evaluar el riesgo de mortalidad perioperatoria en estos pacientes. Es esencial buscar la presencia de trastornos respiratorios del sueño en estos pacientes, y para ello el cuestionario STOP-BANG es el de mayor validez en la actualidad. Durante la inducción anestésica se recomienda colocar al paciente en posición "de rampa" ya que mejora significativamente la visualización de la glotis durante la laringoscopia. Además, esta posición optimiza la oxigenación y mecánica ventilatoria de estos pacientes, aumentando el tiempo de apnea seguro. Respecto al manejo de vía aérea, la intubación orotraqueal con ventilación controlada es la técnica de elección en esta población. Las dosis de drogas anestésicas deben calcularse en base al peso ajustado o magro, dependiendo del tipo de fármaco elegido. Finalmente, se recomienda una monitorización posoperatoria completa y frecuente en la unidad de recuperación, trasladando a estos pacientes a su pieza sólo cuando cumplan los criterios incluidos en la escala de White y Song.

Obesity is a condition of excessive accumulation of body fat to a level that is harmful to health. The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at an alarming rate. Therefore it is essential to know the perioperative management and specific considerations in this population. The majority of obese patients who undergo surgical procedures have few additional pathology, so their perioperative risk is similar to eutrophic patients. Obesity Surgery Mortality Risk Stratification Score OS-MRS is a validated scale for assessing the risk of perioperative mortality in these patients. It is essential to look for the presence of respiratory sleep disorders in these patients, and for this purpose, the STOP-BANG questionnaire is the most valid today. During anesthetic induction it is recommended to place the patient in the "ramp" position as it significantly improves the visualization of the glottis during laryngoscopy. Also, this position optimizes the oxygenation and ventilatory mechanics of these patients, increasing the time of safe apnea. Regarding airway management, orotracheal intubation with controlled ventilation is the technique of choice in this population. Anesthetic drug doses should be calculated based on adjusted weight or lean weight, depending on the type of drug chosen. Finally, complete and frequent postoperative monitoring is recommended in the recovery unit, transferring these patients to their room only when they meet the criteria included in the White and Song scale.

Current situation and related policies on the implementation and promotion of influenza vaccination, in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Influenza can be prevented through annual appropriate vaccination against the virus concerned.In China,influenza vaccine is categorized as "Class Ⅱ " infectious diseases which the cost is paid out of the user's pockets.The annual coverage of influenza vaccination had been 2％-3％.The main reasons for the low coverage would include the following factors:lacking awareness on both the disease and vaccine,poor accessibility of vaccination service,and the cost of vaccination.To reduce the health and economic burden associated with influenza,comprehensive policies should be improved,targeting the coverage of seasonal influenza vaccination.These items would include:① Different financing reimbursement schemes and mechanisms to improve the aspiration on vaccination and on the vaccine coverage in high-risk groups,as young children,elderly,people with underlying medical conditions;② to ameliorate equality of vaccination services;③ to improve knowledge of the health care workers (HCWs) and the public on influenza and related vaccines;④ to improve clinical and preventive medical practice and vaccination among HCWs through revising clinical guidelines,pathway and consensus of experts;⑤ to provide more convenient,accessible and normative vaccination service system;⑥ to strengthen research and development as well as marketing on novel influenza vaccines;⑦ to revise items regarding the contraindication for influenza vaccine on pregnancy women,stated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Current situation and related policies on the implementation and promotion of influenza vaccination, in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Influenza can be prevented through annual appropriate vaccination against the virus concerned.In China,influenza vaccine is categorized as "Class Ⅱ " infectious diseases which the cost is paid out of the user's pockets.The annual coverage of influenza vaccination had been 2％-3％.The main reasons for the low coverage would include the following factors:lacking awareness on both the disease and vaccine,poor accessibility of vaccination service,and the cost of vaccination.To reduce the health and economic burden associated with influenza,comprehensive policies should be improved,targeting the coverage of seasonal influenza vaccination.These items would include:① Different financing reimbursement schemes and mechanisms to improve the aspiration on vaccination and on the vaccine coverage in high-risk groups,as young children,elderly,people with underlying medical conditions;② to ameliorate equality of vaccination services;③ to improve knowledge of the health care workers (HCWs) and the public on influenza and related vaccines;④ to improve clinical and preventive medical practice and vaccination among HCWs through revising clinical guidelines,pathway and consensus of experts;⑤ to provide more convenient,accessible and normative vaccination service system;⑥ to strengthen research and development as well as marketing on novel influenza vaccines;⑦ to revise items regarding the contraindication for influenza vaccine on pregnancy women,stated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia.

Factores predisponentes que afectan la salud bucodental en pacientes con diabetes mellitus / Predisposing factors affecting oral health in diabetes mellitus patients

La diabetes mellitus es considerada, hoy en día, como una de las enfermedades crónicas más frecuentes; por ello, es importante conocer cuáles son sus alteraciones más relevantes a nivel bucal. El paciente diabético representa a una persona con cambios generales de salud, con complicaciones tempranas o tardías propias de su estado sistémico, con referencia a su conducta local, es posible encontrar pacientes con pobre higiene bucal, caries, enfermedad periodontal, infecciones tales como: candidiasis, herpes, y aftas, tendencia al sangrado postquirúrgico y pobre respuesta cicatrizal, entre otras afecciones infecciosas o inflamatorias. Por lo tanto obliga a implementar cambios de modalidad terapéutica dental convencional, así como observar restricciones y consideraciones del manejo odontológico de estos individuos por las complicaciones que conlleva. En esta investigación se plantea estudiar cada una de las complicaciones bucodentales con los distintos signos y síntomas que presentan los pacientes diabéticos, con la propuesta de un manual de procedimientos odontológicos para el manejo de las mismas. La metodología es de consulta mediante encuestas a 100 pacientes del Club de Diabéticos del Hospital del Día «Dr. Efrén Jurado López¼ perteneciente al Seguro Social y el Dispensario N° 10 del Ministerio de Salud Pública, ambos ubicados en Guayaquil a los cuales se les aplicará un cuestionario de preguntas con la finalidad de determinar el conocimiento que tienen los mismos, en el ámbito de nuestra zona básica de salud, referente a la repercusión de la enfermedad en la salud bucodental, y el riesgo que supone someterse a la atención dental, cuando la misma no está controlada. De igual forma se aplicarán las encuestas a odontólogos para saber si aplican el protocolo de atención para pacientes diabéticos debido a que son de alto riesgo. Con los resultados esperados se diseñará un manual de atención odontológica para mejorar los tratamientos bucos orales al paciente diabético y sus enfermedades concomitantes que conlleven a mejorar su calidad de vida.

Diabetes mellitus is presently considered one of the most frequent diseases, therefore, it is important to know the most relevant alterations in the mouth caused by it. Diabetic patients are subjects afflicted with general health changes, with early or late complications characteristic of their systemic circumstances. With respect to local behaviour of the disease, it is possible to encounter patients with poor oral hygiene, caries, periodontal disease, infections such as candidiasis, herpes and canker sores, tendency to postsurgical bleeding, and poor healing response among other infectious or inflammatory diseases. Therefore, changes in conventional dental therapy modes are needed, as well as study of restrictions and considerations of dental treatment of these patients due to their inherent complications. The aim of the present research project was to study every oral/dental complications with different signs and symptoms exhibited by diabetic patients, as well as to propose a manual of dental procedures to undertake treatment. Consultation methodology was implemented by means of a survey conducted on 100 patients from the Diabetics Club of the «Dr. Efrén Jurado López¼ Day Hospital (Social Security) and the number 10 Dispensary of the Public Health Ministry. Both institutions were located in Guayaquil. Participating subjects were presented with a questionnaire in order to determine the knowledge they possessed on repercussions the disease might exert on their oral health, within the frame of our basic health zone, as well as risks encountered when receiving dental care in a state of uncontrolled disease. Likewise, surveys will be used with dentists in order to ascertain whether they apply care protocol for diabetic patients, since they are considered high-risk patients. With expected results, a dental treatment manual will be designed in order to improve oral and dental treatment for diabetic patients and concomitant diseases, so as to improve patient's quality of life.

Consideraciones metodológicas para planificar las clases en la Educación Médica Superior / Methodological considerations for lesson planning in High Medical Education

La clase como forma de organización fundamental del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje debe ser planificada y ejecutada con el rigor de la Didáctica, por ser la ciencia que direcciona científicamente este proceso. No obstante a lo anterior, se han podido observar limitaciones metodológicas de los docentes en el proceso de planificación. Por lo que se formuló como objetivo analizar las consideraciones metodológicas para el proceso de planificación de la clase en la Educación Médica Superior, desde la actividad preparatoria del docente para confeccionarla. Se reflexionó en que la escasa formación pedagógica de los docentes, desde el pregrado guarda estrecha relación con las limitaciones manifestadas. Se plantearon algunas consideraciones metodológicas y se presentaron en actividades a los profesores de las diferentes unidades docentes, con el objetivo de perfeccionar el proceso de planificación de las clases en la Educación Médica (AU).

The lesson as main organizational form of the teaching-learning process should be planned and taught with the Didactics rigor, because Didactics is the science scientifically ruling this process. However, the teaching staffs has showed methodological limitations in the planning process, so the aim of this work was analyzing the methodological considerations for the lesson's planning in the High Medical Education, since the professor begins his preparatory activity to plan it. It was stated that the poor pedagogical formation of the pedagogues they carry from the pre-grade studies is tightly related to the above-mentioned limitations. Some methodological considerations were given and illustrated to professors in different units, with the objective of improving the lessons´ planning process in Medical Education (AU).

Valoración de la adopción de embriones humanos congelados desde el punto de vista de la filosofía moral, la ética laica y dos religiones monoteístas / Valuating frozen human embryo adoption from a moral philosophical point of view, lay ethics and two monotheist religions / Valoração da adoção de embriões humanos congelados do ponto de vista da filosofia moral, a ética laica e duas religiões monoteístas

La búsqueda de la eficacia en la fecundación in vitro hace que se produzcan más embriones que los que se implantarán, lo que produce un excedente de embriones, que es congelado. Esto hace que ineludiblemente el número de embriones humanos congelados aumente. Entre las soluciones para dichos embriones humanos congelados está la donación/adopción de los mismos. Ineludiblemente esta práctica conlleva objetivos problemas éticos. En este trabajo se evalúa la eticidad de la donación/adopción de embriones humanos congelados desde la perspectiva de la filosofía moral, lo que podríamos llamar una "ética laica" y dos de las religiones monoteístas: la musulmana y la judía.

The search for IVF efficacy leads to a higher embryo production than it is necessary for implantation; this results in an excess of embryos which are kept frozen. This amount of frozen embryos inevitably increases. The donation/adoption are among the possible solutions for these frozen embryos. However, this practice has objective ethical problems. This article considers the ethical aspects of the donation / adoption of frozen human embryos from the point of view of moral philosophy, from what we could call "secular ethics" and from two monotheistic religions: Muslim and Jewish.

A busca da eficácia na fecundação in vitro faz com que se produzam mais embriões dos que se implantarão, o que produz um excedente de embriões, que é congelado. Isto faz com que inquestionavelmente o número de embriões humanos congelados aumente. Entre as soluções para os ditos embriões humanos congelados está na doação/adoção dos mesmos. Ineludivelmente esta prática implica objetivos problemas éticos. Neste trabalho se avalia a eticidade da doação/adoção de embriões humanos congelados a partir da perspectiva da filosofia moral, o que poderíamos chamar uma "ética laica" e duas religiões monoteistas: a mulçumana e a judia.

Factors to be considered when defining“SPF” and health monitoring programs in laboratory mice and rats / 中国比较医学杂志

The term“specific pathogen free” ( SPF) implies the bioexclusion of a defined list of organisms that can cause disease in a host.Due to many different factors including animal source, vivarium layout, microbiological history, engineering standards, operation practice, and experimental needs, the bioexclusion list tends to be specific for many institutions using live animals in biomedical research.As such, the design and implementation of institution-specific health monitoring program can also vary based on needs.By comparison, laboratory animal producers and users in China are subject to GB regulations which have established a national bioexclusion list based on animal health categories, as well as set detailed engineering standards for vivarium operations based on specific animal health profiles.In addition to summarizing the SPF list of major rodent vendors in North America, the purpose of this article is to bring attention to the different factors animal users should take into consideration when evaluating one ’ s own bioexclusion list and designing institution-specific health monitoring program for laboratory mice and rats, in order to assure animal colony health and scientific integrity.

Pregnancy is a unique time in a woman’s life and is characterized by complex physiological changes affecting general oral health. Pregnancy is also an opportune time to educate women about preventing dental caries in young children, a common childhood problem. This article reviews physiological changes associated with pregnancy and general considerations for the dental treatment of pregnant dental patients as well as for pregnant dental professionals. The limitations and uses of drugs are also discussed.

Pregnancy is a unique time in a woman’s life and is characterized by complex physiological changes affecting general oral health. Pregnancy is also an opportune time to educate women about preventing dental caries in young children, a common childhood problem. This article reviews physiological changes associated with pregnancy and general considerations for the dental treatment of pregnant dental patients as well as for pregnant dental professionals. The limitations and uses of drugs are also discussed.

Dental considerations in pregnancy: review / Considerações odontológicas na gravidez: revisão

OBJETIVO: Este artigo propõem-se a revisar as alterações ocorridas na mulher durante a gravidez. Os cirurgiõesdentistas devem conhecer os procedimentos seguros e os que devem ser evitados durante as várias fases da gravidez. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Este artigo aborda as várias alterações sistêmicas vistas na mulher grávida e como essas alterações devem ser manejadas na execução de procedimentos odontológicos. Os cirurgiões-dentistas devem ter sólido conhecimento a respeito dos efeitos da radiação sobre o feto e também dos efeitos de várias drogas usadas durante o tratamento odontológico. Com comunicação adequada e bom conhecimento, várias complicações podem ser evitadas durante a gravidez, culminando em benefícios para a mãe e o bebê.

OBJECTIVE: This article is aimed to review the changes occurring in a woman during pregnancy. Dentists should know what procedures are safe and those to be avoided during various phases of pregnancy. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This article reflects the various systemic and local changes seen in a pregnant woman and how these changes should be considered while carrying out dental procedures. Dentists should have a sound knowledge about effects of radiation on the fetus and also effects of various drugs used during dental treatment. With proper communication and good knowledge, various complications can be avoided during pregnancy and would be beneficial to both the mother and the fetus.

Anestesia para gestante cardiopata / Anaesthesia for pregnant cardiac disease

Gestantes com doença cardíaca habitualmente possuem prognóstico favorável tanto materno quanto fetal. Com exceção das pacientes com a síndrome de Eisenmenger, hipertensão pulmonar primária e síndrome de Marfan com aortopatia, morte materna durante a gravidez em pacientes cardiopatas é rara. A gravidez por si só impõe modificações hemodinâmicas significativas, colocando à prova o sistema cardiovascular. Doença cardíaca reumática é a mais frequente nas gestantes, e o edema agudo pulmonar, a complicação mais comum. Defeito do septo atrial é a cardiopatia congênita acianótica mais prevalente na população adulta, enquanto que a Tetralogia de Fallot é a mais frequente das cardiopatias congênitas cianóticas. Gravidez e cardiopatia são uma associação de grandes desafios para o anestesiologista. Para evitar complicações decorrentes da morbidade ou mortalidade materno-fetal, o anestesiologista deve conhecer a evolução da doença durante a gravidez. Aqui são discutidas a fisiopatologia, apresentação clínica e a condução anestésica das doenças cardíacas valvulares adquiridas, das doenças cardíacas congênitas, da doença isquêmica do miocárdio e das miocardiopatias na gravidez.

Pregnancy in most women with heart disease has a favorable maternal and fetal outcome. With the exception of patients with Eisenmenger syndrome, pulmonary hypertension primary, and Marfan syndrome with aortopathy, maternal death during pregnancy in women with heart disease is rare. Pregnancy per se imposes significant hemodynamic changes placing a major burden on the cardiovascular system. Rheumatic heart disease remains the most frequent heart disease in the pregnant population and the pulmonary edema is the most frequent complication. Atrial septal defect is the most frequent congenital acianotic heart disease in the adult population, whereas tetralogy of Fallot is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pregnancy and heart disease present a unique challenge to the anesthesiologist. To avoid untoward complications resulting in significant maternal and/or fetal morbidity or mortality, the anesthesiologist must be familiar about the progression of heart disease during pregnancy. In this article, we review the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and anesthetic management of valvular, congenital, vascular and ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyopathy in pregnancy.

Technical Considerations for Successful Implementation of a Barcode-based Medication System in Hospital / 대한의료정보학회지

OBJECTIVE: To identify the technical considerations in implementing a barcode-based medication system and propose practical solutions for successful implementation of the system. In order to reduce medical errors related to medication and blood transfusion, we analyze various factors that hinder the successful implementation of the barcode-based medication system and discuss issues involved in the effective adoption of such a system. METHODS: The barcode-based medication system of this research uses one-dimensional, barcode bands on patients' wrists and two-dimensional barcodes attached to drug bags and blood bags. PDAs with barcode reading capability and wireless networking function are used, which enables Point of Care. The business process for applying the developed system and the current status of the system usage are analyzed. RESULTS: The factors causing a variety of system failures in the demonstration and pilot periods were identified and categorized as including PDA malfunction, PDA battery discharge due to users' carelessness, confusion in reading barcodes and so on. CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that the analyzed obstructive factors and the proposed technical considerations addressed in this paper can help other hospitals implement similar barcode-based medication systems successfully. Ultimately, this research will contribute to reducing medical errors and improving quality of patient care.

Consideraciones para la toma de impresión de prótesis sobre implantes / Considerations impression of implant prosthetics

El diseño protésico depende de ciertas condiciones orales y hoy en día el tratamiento con implantes es un recurso terapéutico habitual en el reemplazo de dientes. Existen circunstancias que modifican el desarrollo del tratamiento implantológico y que deben ser evaluadas como son: el espacio entre las arcadas dentales, plano oclusal existente, relación y forma de las arcadas dentales, número y posición de los dientes, entre otras, que determinan la intervención interdisciplinaria del área protésica, implantología y en ocasiones de la ortodoncia para no comprometer el resultado protésico final. Un aspecto importante a considerar es la toma de una correcta impresión para la obtención de un modelo de trabajo que garantice una total precisión en la fabricación de la prótesis con implantes. De esta forma el objetivo fue determinar las consideraciones para la toma de impresión de prótesis con implantes, indicando los tipos de materiales de impresión, sus propiedades, el uso de cubetas individuales. Todo con el propósito de dar a conocer la forma correcta de lograr un resultado Protésico funcional y estético

The prosthetic design depend of the orals conditions, and today the implants treating is a therapeutic and habitual recur in the teeth replace. There are circumstances that modify the implant treating development and that should be evaluated these are: the space between dental arcades, the occlusion, relation and form of the dental arcades, number and position teeth, and others, that determinate the interdisciplinary intervention of the prosthetic area, the implantology, and the orthodontics, for no to compromise the prosthetic result. An important aspect to considerate is the correct impression for to obtain a model works that guarantee a total precision of the prosthesis with implants fabrication. The objective was to determinate the considerations about prosthesis with implants impression, indicating the materials impression types, theirs properties, the individual trays use, with the propose to know the correct form to get a functional and esthetic Prosthetic result

Enfoque bioetio del vih/sida: una reflexion / Bioethical consideration about the HIV/SIDA

Más de una década de esfuerzos para controlar el avance de la infección por VIH, el futuro parece agravarse tras el aumento del número de casos nuevos; el SIDA representa una de las principales causas de muerte en hombres y mujeres en el mundo. En el marco de la bioética para la atención a la salud, realizamos varias reflexiones sobre la comunicación médico-paciente, la necesidad del humanismo, el enfoque bioético, la repercusión del SIDA en los niños, sobre diversos aspectos éticos de las relaciones sociales y la atención a la salud de los pacientes VIH/SIDA, dentro de la dinámica de una sociedad compleja y demandante como la contemporánea donde se ha adquirido conciencia del respeto a la autonomía de los pacientes. La relación médico-paciente VIH/SIDA requiere humanismo, contribuyendo de este modo a construir una sociedad más justa y solidaria y evitando las habituales tendencias al sesgo, el carácter sensacionalista y morboso que a lo largo de los años de evolución de la pandemia, desafortunadamente ha sido difundida a la población. En el ámbito de las responsabilidades y obligaciones morales, se plantean aquellas que conciernen al Estado, la sociedad y los propios pacientes, quienes padecen un problema de salud de consecuencias fatales, aún no resuelto. Se hace énfasis desde el punto de vista social, hay que vencer los tabúes y la discriminación que desata el SIDA; todas las formas de transmisión del VIH, en nuestro medio, son previsibles, por esto para detener la epidemia es esencial llevar la enseñanza, desarrollar habilidades de comunicación eficientes, adoptar decisiones responsables y autoestima; esto se logra promoviendo la salud sexual en los escolares y jóvenes en general en su círculo de amistades, en la escuela y en su Comunidad, y constituye un desafío de la sociedad actual.

After more than one decade of controlling efforts to stop the advance of the HIV infection, future appears gray, facing the increase of new cases. AIDS represents one of the most important causes of deaths of females and males in the whole world. Inside the bioethical frame for health attention, we present several considerations about the doctor-patient communication, the need for a more humanistic approach, the bioethical approach, repercussions of AIDS in children, about different ethical aspects of human relations and the attention to patients with HIV/AIDS inside the dynamics of our modern, intricate and demanding contemporary society where consciousness' has been gained regarding patient's autonomy. The doctor- patient with HIV/AIDS requires of a humanitarian touch, contributing by this mean, to build up a fairer and solider society, avoiding the current tendencies to errors, sensationalism and morbid image that has mistakenly been opened to population. Inside the frame of responsibilities and moral obligations are those which concern the state, society and the patients with a fatal consequences disease, still unresolved. We emphasize from the social point of view, that taboo and discrimination against AIDS must be defeated, all the transmission ways of the disease, in our environment, are perfectly avoidable; therefore, to stop the epidemics, it is essential to carry out teaching, develop efficient communication techniques, the taking of responsible decisions and self esteem. All these is achievable by promoting sexual health in schools, communities, etc, which constitutes a challenge to our society.

Infección nosocomial: Algunas consideraciones éticas en el diagnóstico microbiológico / Nosocomial infection. Some ethical considerations in the microbiological diagnosis

La bioética surgió en la década de los años 70 como una disciplina ante el impetuoso avance de las ciencias biológicas y otras afines, lo que demostró una vez más las enormes potencialidades de la ciencia cuando se aplica en beneficio de la sociedad. En la época actual los avances científicos y los cambios tecnológicos se acompañan de nuevas actitudes sociales y culturales, y en no pocas ocasiones esos cambios provocan inquietudes, preocupaciones y hasta temores, aunque también esperanza por los caminos que se abren y por las perspectivas imprevisibles a que pueden dar lugar. En el presente trabajo se dan a conocer algunas consideraciones éticas en el desarrollo del diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones nosocomiales, se hacen reflexiones de interés tanto para el profesional como para el técnico que se desempeñan en estas actividades y se destaca no solamente el espíritu de humanismo y de responsabilidad social en las acciones concretas del diagnóstico sino, además, la protección de la comunidad y del medio ambiente en su conjunto.

Bioethics appears in the 70's as a discipline before the impetuous advance of biological sciences and other related sciences, which showed once more the enormous potentialities of science when it is applied for the benefit of society. At present, the scientific advances and technological changes are accompanied with new social and cultural attitudes and, in not a few ocassions, these changes cause concerns, preoccupations and even fear, but also hope for the ways that are paved and for the unpredictable perspectives they may have. Some ethical considerations in the development of the microbiological diagnosis of nosocomial infections are made known in this paper. Interesting reflections are made for the professional and the technician carrying out these activities. It is stressed not only the spirit of humanism and social responsibility shown in the concrete actions of the diagnosis, but also the protection of the community and the environment as a whole.

Clinical Analysis of Syringomyelia

Eight patients were diagnosed as syringomyelia by MRI at the Department of Neurosurgery of Maryknoll hosptial, Pusan from April, 1990 to April, 1991. The causes were chiari type 1 malformation(2 cases), neoplasm(1 case), trauma(1 case) and idiopathic(4 cases). Six procedures were performed in the five patients. The procedures were foramen magmum decompression(1 case), formen magmum decompression combined syringosubarachnoid shunt(1 case), syringosubarachnoid(1 case), syringoperitioneal(2 cases) and syringopleural shunts(1 case). We have reviewed the modes of clinical presentations, diagnostic evaluations and surgical considerations.